Belief systems :: essays research papers

Belief Systems The religious beliefs of people along the Silk Road at the beginning of the 1st century BCE were very different from what they would later become. When China defeated the nomadic Xiongnu confederation and pushed Chinese military control northwest as far as the Tarim Basin (in the 2nd century BCE), Buddhism was known in Central Asia but was not yet widespread in China nor had it reached elsewhere in East Asia. Christianity was still more than a century in the future. Daoism, in the strict sense of that term, connoting an organized religion with an ordained clergy and an established body of doctrine, would not appear in China for another three centuries. Islam would be more than seven centuries in the future. The peoples of the Silk Road in its early decades followed many different religions. In the Middle East, many people worshiped the gods and goddesses of the Greco-Roman pagan pantheon. Others were followers of the old religion of Egypt, especially the cult of Isis and Osiris. Jewish merchants and other settlers had spread beyond the borders of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judea and had established their own places of worship in towns and cities throughout the region. Elsewhere in the Middle East, and especially in Persia and Central Asia, many people were adherents of Zoroastrianism, a religion founded by the Persian sage Zoroaster in the 6th century BCE. It posited a struggle between good and evil, light and darkness; its use of fire as the symbol of the purifying power of good was probably borrowed from the Brahmanic religion of ancient India. The Greek colonies of Central Asia that had been left behind after the collapse of the empire of Alexander the Great had, by the 1st c entury BCE, largely converted from Greco-Roman paganism to Buddhism, a religion that would soon use the Silk Road to spread far and wide. In India, on side routes of the Silk Road that crossed the passes to the Indus Valley and beyond, the older religion of Brahmanism had given way to Hinduism and Buddhism; the former never spread far beyond India and Southeast Asia, while the latter eventually became worldwide in extent. Coming at last to China on our west-to-east survey of the ancient faith of the Silk Road, we .nd that rulers worshiped their own ancestors in great ancestral temples; they were joined by commoners in also worshiping deities of the earth, the four directions, mountains and rivers, and many others.

Range of sports injuries and their symptoms Essay

Physiological responses: damaged tissue, eg primary damage response, healing response, the clotting mechanism; the importance of scar tissue control in the re-modelling process; specific to injury, eg sprain/ strain (signs and symptoms of first, second and third degree), haematomas (inter/intra) Psychological responses: response to injury, eg anger, anxiety, depression, frustration, isolated from team mates; response to treatment and rehabilitation, eg anxiety, frustration, need for motivation, use of goal setting Marking Scheme Criteria P3 and P4 aim to address the issue of occurrence of sports injuries and the resulting symptoms, both physiologically and psychologically, as identified within the related content of the unit. If an explanation of both issues is detailed and contextualised sufficiently to the concept of sports injury then it is possible that grading criterion M2 and D1 (analysis) may also be achieved. It may be possible to assess this via the booklet  mentioned previously, or for learners to give a presentation on the issues, supported by a tutor witness statement/observation record to confirm achievement. Describe, explain and analyse the Physiological and Psychological responses common to sports injuries INTRODUCTION INJURY: Broken leg , (tibia and fibula) 1. David Buust 2.SPORTSPERSON: David Buust is a retired player who used to play for Coventry city football club from 1992-1996 he made 50 appearances for Coventry before getting tackled in the game against Manchester united two minutes into the game. Bussts injuries were so bad that there was a risk of his leg being amputated. But contacted MRSA which caused further damage to the muscle and tissue in his leg. After having 26 operations he was advised to retire by doctors. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES: (What are they) How the body responds when injury occurs it aims to repair and protect damages bones , muscles and tendons from further injury. For example if you had a cut it wold be the time it takes to heal. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES (What are they) The mental response of how an athlete deals with their injury and the way they respond to treatment and how the athlete copes with stress and possible depression that could result from the injury. Physiological responses Damaged tissue Describe, explain and analyse: A tissue can be damaged in many ways for example a athlete could be running and damage some tissue when they are running. The will then experience symptoms such as pain in the area where the tear is and the area would become red and could swell. An athlete could also damage tissue by overworking a particular area in the body for example if a person was in the gym and they overworked their biceps they could damage their tissue in their arm. Then they would have to rest until the tissue repairs itself. A damaged tissue would be treated by the RICE treatment method. David Busst response David Busst damaged his tissue in his right leg in a premier league match against Manchester united while playing for Coventry city on the 8th April 1996. The injury occurred when Busst went up for a corner and was sandwiched between to players who tackled him this left him with the bone in his leg ripping through his sock and effectively splitting his leg in two. This caused the Manchester united goalkeeper to throw up on the pitch. Busst`s tissue in his right leg was damaged even more while in hospital as he contracted MRSA which meant he risked having his leg amputated. This would mean that David Busst would have been in a lot of pain in the first few weeks of having the injury. The symptoms that David Busst would have had around his leg is redness and his leg being very painful to touch. Picture: The clotting mechanism Describe, explain and analyse: The blood clotting mechanism starts to work when we bleed. The blood clots start the healing process. Platelets are released by a chemical response when trauma such as a cut or a graze causes blood loss. The platelets clot quickly to as they stick to the blood vessels as the blood is sticky because of the platelets. The clotting mechanism is important as it is one of the parts of the healing phase. David Busst response The clotting mechanism would have started the moment David Busst broke his fibula and tibia. It would have started again to help him recover from his MRSA infection as it damaged his muscle and tissue so the blood clots from the blood mechanism would of got to work as quick as they could on David Bussts injury to limit the amount of injury that he would of suffered. Picture: This is blood clots forming The importance of scar tissue Describe, explain and analyse: The scar tissue restores the tissue on the exact spot of the injury for example if you had a deep cut like the diagram below where there has been a deep cut to the arm and the tissue has been restored as close a possible to its original state. Which leaves in a scar where the cut happened. Scar tissue will form as soon as an injury takes place . The repair phase occurs after a few hours of the injury occurring. David Buust response For example David Busst would have a significant scar tissue from where he broke his fibula and tibula as when he did break those bones they ripped through his skin meaning it was a compound break. It is likely that he would have a scar from where they bone went through the skin and a scar from where his leg was re straightened and put into his leg again. For example he may have a scar similar to the scar tissue in the diagram below but it may be very deep due to the extent of his injury. Picture: http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_PrintPresentation.aspx?gcid=100098&ptid=3 The diagram highlights that the arm has been cut but has heal to the best of its ability. Specific to injury: (Haematomas (inter/intra)181 177 Describe, explain and analyse: There are two types of haematoma. The first type intramuscular haematoma this is where bleeding occurs within the compartment of the muscle but does not seep into any surrounding tissue. The second type intramuscular haematoma is where blood escapes into surrounding areas such as muscles or tissue and stays in that muscle or part of the body. David Bussts response David Busst would have had a Haematoma around the same size as the Haematoma in the diagram below as the injury was so severe it caused a lot of swelling and bruising causing a lot of internal bleeding as his leg was broken compundly meaning that blood would of seeped out of his leg meaning that he had a intramuscular haematoma since he was bleeding out and also a intramuscular haematoma as there would have been significant haematoma in his muscles. Which would of made it very uncomfortable for him to bear during the early stages of his injury. Picture: http://ic.steadyhealth.com/signs_and_treatment_for_hematoma.html David Buust would of suffered similar Hematoma due to the size of his injury. http://www.bmwmoa.org/forum/showthread.php?28029-Show-us-your-scars! Psychological responses 177/178 Describe, explain and analyse the response to injury, treatment and rehabilitation, including; anger; anxiety, depression; frustration;  isolation, need for motivation and goal setting. You could use a famous sports person and address all these issues from their perspective. When injury occurs the psychological response is divided into three stages. The first stage is when the injury actually occurs the second stage is then the recovery period where the injured individual begins rehab to get them back into sport. Then finally the third stage is where the athlete starts training and is able to play their sport again competively. Stage one 1. When David Busst experienced his injury the first thoughts he would of experienced the trauma of having such a horrific injury being inflicted on him and the shock of actually seeing his leg in a bad state and he would be very scared as he would be concerned as they injury was very serious and career threatening. David would also be very angry with the players that tackled him as the fact both players went for the same leg (as seen in the picture below) causing a serious injury. He would also be very frustrated that the injury has occurred to him since he it happened in a top flight game where he would have looked to show off his ability. http://www.goal.com/hk/slideshow/1630 http://www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/16564778/Un-tipo-con-mala-suerte-David-Busst.html Due to the nature of his injury David Busst would have been very traumatised by the state of his leg and obviously worried about his future in football. Stage two 2. The second stage is the recovery period this would have been very lengthy for David Busst due to the severity of his injury it his rehab would have been around 6 months to make sure that he was in the right frame of mind to try and get back into football. He will be scared and anxious as he had little chance of making a full comeback to football meaning that if he didn`t his career would be over. David Busst would have been of been isolated due to the fact that his team mates were training and he wasn`t. He could of become depressed while waiting to get back into football.As he was  waiting on the sidelines Stage three 3. This is where the player makes their comeback into the sport for example a footballer would make their recover back to football by training with the team and then playing for the reserve team and then being eased on by the manager of the team by playing as a substitute then starting the game the following week. David Busst would have lacked motivation to get into football as he knew that there was little chance of him making a full comeback to due to severity of his injury. When making his full comeback David Buust was approached by his doctor and advised to retire as because of the injury he suffered was so severe he would of risked not walking unaided again as the injury made his the leg very weak. There would have been goals for him to slowly achieve if the injury wasn’t as bad but since he was at risk of becoming disabled he retired so he could save the use of his leg. When he retired Coventry would had a psychiatrist helping me through coming to terms with his career being over and helping him avoid depression and help plan his future after football.

History Of Latin American Underdevelopment By J. Samuel...

â€Å"Modernization and Dependency: Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Latin American Underdevelopment† by J. Samuel Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela broadly compares and analyzes modernization and the dependency approach (1978, p.536) within the context of underdevelopment in Latin America. Valenzuela and Valenzuela first begin by discussing the modernization perspective, its assumptions and how this perspective relates to Latin America underdevelopment (1978, p.537). Valenzuela and Valenzuela determined that modernization literature assumes that for a society to modernize it must reject traditional values and patterns. Essentially, it is the internal traditional practises that need to be dismantled for modernization to take place.†¦show more content†¦Development and underdevelopment are linked and â€Å"condition each other mutually† resulting in a divided world that consists of industrial â€Å"central† countries and underdeveloped â€Å"peripheral† countries (Valenzuela and Valenzuela, 1978, p.544), with the periphery often being constrained by its role in the global capitalist system (Valenzuela and Valenzuela, 1978, p.544). The level of analysis differs greatly between the modernization approach and dependency approach, where modernization focuses predominantly on the behaviours, beliefs and traditions of individuals, the dependency approach focuses on elements outside the individual unit such as international trade, class alliances and conflict (Valenzuela and Valenzuela, 1978, p.550). Where the modernization approach focuses on the microsocial, the dependency approach focuses on the macrosocial (Valenzuela and Valenzuela, 1978, p.550). Valenzuela and Valenzuela have determined that the dependency approach has a fundamental advantage compared to modernization theory (1978, p.552), dependency perspective is much more open to drawing from a broader body of evidence and range of phenomena, such as the relationship between â€Å"central† countries and the â€Å"periphery†, trade and class alliances. Modernization theory, which operates on a â€Å"simple conceptual framework and a reductionist approach†, such as the traditional- modern dichotomy (Valenzuela and Valenzuela, 1978, p.552),Show MoreRelatedA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 PagesA Critical Review of â€Å"The Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-On. Introduction: In Latin America, soccer is not a game; it is a way of life. It is mixed in with politics and nationalism. It defines social classes. How politically influential is soccer in Latin America? It is used by â€Å"various Latin American socio-economic elites in order to retard the acceleration of working class and popular discontent† (Bar-On 1997:1.8). Is it